The Western Roman Empire – the Rise & Fall

Western popish Empire A map depicting the separate pudding st sensations of capital of Italy Mediterranean family The roman letters Phase From Kingdom To republic The Etruscans and capital of Italy (Previous Wiki notes) There be galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) opposite versions on how Rome started the stars told to kids are real simple with very fewer names . Ancient Rome for KidsThe tarradiddle of Romulus and Remus for adults have dates, much names and expatiateWolf Country, Myth and Stories You can meet many versions of novels, however the version the school text book talks some Aeneas, a refugee from Troy who migrated to Italy when Greek invaders destroyed his reach.Tow of his decedents, match Romulus and Remus, almost didnt survive infancy because and wicked uncle aband whizzd them by a inundate Tiber River. A she-wolf found them and nursed them minute to health. When the boys grew older, Romulus founded the city of Rome and established himself as its setoff kind in 753 B. C. E. so far scholars tell a different story. some Greek historians believe that Aeneas settled at Rome, which was a small city- sound out. In the quartern deoxycytidine monophosphate B. C. , Rome began to expand and roman letterss came into great contact with the Greeks, which suggest that Aeneas has a role in the creation of the great city.In the first century B. C. , the roman letters Poet Virgil developed the Aeneas myth in his epic poem theAeneid, which talked nearly Aeneas journey to Rome. Augustus, the first popish emperor and emperor during Virgils time, and Julius Caesar, his great uncle and forerunner as the roman ruler, were known to be decedents of Aeneas. ( Information founded in the articleThis solar day in History Rome founded) The text book talks about how Indo-Europeans migrated get all over the Alps and settled by dint of and through the Italian peninsula, including the prox site of Rome. The papistic country and Its Cons titutionThe papisticals got rid of the last Etruscan king in 509 B. C. E. The republican constution had ii consuls army and thoroughly-behaved. These consuls were pick out by an assembly that was dominated by the high degree, or patricians. There was too a senate which discuss the consuls and admirered ratify study decisions. Because both the senate and consuls represented only the interests of the patricians on that point were many conflicts betwixt the patricians and the lower class, or plebeians. To solve these conflicts, the patricians gave the plebeians tribunes, or concourse the plebeians could cull to speak for them.The tribunes had thepowerto intervene and blackball decisions. The plebeians began to gainpower, by the early threesome century B. C. E the plebeians tribunes dominated roman politics. From Republic To Empire Imperial expanding upon and Domestic Problems During the second and first centuries B. C. E, the traffic between the classes were so str ained that there was much conflict and violence. Two br another(prenominal)(prenominal)s, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus melt downed to send the land possesion and tried to limit the ammount of land a certain person could press up. unluckily though, they were both assasinated for fear of gaining influence over papist affairs.The people that were in go through of the politicalpower, were of a small class that utilize the power to only do themselves and their class. In 87 B. C. E Marius marched on Rome and during the first century B. C. E, Rome was in civil war. When Marius died the next year, sulla planned to take power and currently did in 83 B. C. E. Many conservatives support Sulla because he imposed many conservative legislation. The Foundation of Empire Julius Caesar seized Rome in 49 B. C. E by being a very hot public figure. He believed strongly insocialreform and conquered Gaul.He was responsible for a lot ofsocialreforms and changed the gonvernment to centralized c ontrol. Caesar claimed the human action dictator for life, which earned him his assasination in 44 B. C. E. After Caesar was killed, his choose son, Octavian, by and by on on defeating Mark Antony, took over Rome and brought civil conflict to an end. The senate bestowed the title Augustus, to him in 27 B. C. E. He ran a monarchy disguised as a republic. While he was in power, a invigorated standing ground forces was created and the imperial institutions began to take root. Continuing amplification and Integration of the EmpireThe two centuries following Augustuss rule, the papistics conquered lands in the Mediterranean basin, western Europe, and down the Nile to Kush. For two and a one-half centuries into the troika century a long era of cessation was prevelant among economic and political integration, this was calledpax romana, or Roman peace. Another substantial Roman advance was the road and roadway system. The impertinent road systems created were very advantageou sly engineered and allowed for extremely quick and urgent travel, which modify the postal system extremely. Also during this time, Romans began development a system of written police at about 450 B. C. E.They developed a system called the Twelve Tables, which was a canonical law code for citizens for the early republic. preservation and Society In the Roman Mediterranean Trade and Urbanization Latifundia owners grew various crops to exporting in North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily. Ships carried several one C tons of crops to cities for consumers. Other cities and regions could now focal point on furyivating fruits and vegetables or manufacturing goods. Archaeologists have uncovered a pottery factory brotherhood of Rome that probably employed hundreds of workers and had a mixing vat that could hold more(prenominal) than 10,568 gallons (40,000 liters) of clay.The Mediterranean lake became an essential lake for the Romans because it linked many cities and was use for trading. They called the lakemare nostrumwhich center our sea. The Roman military and navy unplowed the seas mostly free of pirates to ensure that cargoes could sham freely over long distances. The city of Rome received taxes, tri savees, booty and other wealth from military expansion. Rome similarly received most of the profit from Mediterranean mint. The money was used for urban development. In the first century C. E. , there were about 10,000 statues, 700 pools, 500 fountains, and 36 monumental arches.The enunciate financed the construction of temples, bath houses, public material bodyings, stadiums, and aqueducts. The aqueducts were very important because they brought fresh water to Rome. They used concrete (invented by Roman engineers) to build the aqueducts because it is very strong. The universe increased dramatically because construction employed hundreds of thousands of workers. Family and Society in Roman Times The eldest masculine was usually the head of the common Roman f amily and ruled asPater Familias, or acquire of the family.As the pater families, the father could do anything he cherished with his children, like planning weddings or blush executing them. Despite Roman law, women could hold high influence within the family. The women overly would help plan weddings and even help with family finances by finding loopholes in Roman Law. As time went on, new classes of people accumulated lots of snobby wealth for themselves. The wealthy would live in palaces and eat exotic dishes with animal tongues in them. If there are wealthy people, there are lots of slimy people, who became a big enigma in Rome.The poor would often riot, and the judicature used a technique called Bread and Circuses where they would run the poor with subsidized grain and striking public entertainment. One big parcel of Roman union was the slaves. About one third (Two sixths, three ninths, etc. ,) of the population were slaves most of which worked on Latifundia, whil e others worked mines. During the second and first centuries, slaves would often revolt. One of the more serious revolts being in 73 BCE where 70,000 slaves rebelled was led by Spartacus. City slaves had a much less tight life.Fe male slaves worked as servants, whereas educated or talented male slaves could fill comfortable lives, such as Epictetus, who became a Stoic philosopher. any(prenominal) slaves hoped for manumission, so they could leave the slave life behind. This was not mandatory for owners, so they slaves still had to work under the owners command until they might be set free. The owners could do anything they cute to with the slaves. The cosmopolite Mediterranean Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salavation The Romans believed in Gods and Goddesses who intervened in human affairs, and tutelary deities who looked later the welfare of families.As the Roman empire grew, they undergo more cultures, which lead to them adopting deities from other people and adapted the m to their own purposes. As well as using other cultures deities, they in like manner borrowed spiritual causes, like animal sacrifices. The Greeks invigorate the Romans in ways like judicious thought and philosophy. One example is the Stoicism. The Stoics sought- aft(prenominal)(a) to identify a set of cosmopolitan moral standards based on temper and reason that would transcend local honourable codes. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b. c. e. ) was a Roman thinker who choose the Stoic values.In adapting Hellenistic thought to Roman needs, Cicero drew heavily from Stoics moral and honorable teachings. Cicero believed that the pursuit of justice is a persons art and was against those who sought wealth and power through immoral ways. The majority of people believed in religions of salvation because it gave them a promise of future existence. Religions of salvation became key features of Mediterranean order in the Helenistic measure. The roads of the Roman empire not only ser ved as trade routes, but as openings for the word of religious salvation to spread. Mithraism started as a cult for Mithras, a god for the solarize and light.Soldiers in Anatolia adapted the cult to their own interests, and associate it to strength and courage rather than the sun and light. The cult of Mithras did not allow women, but cults for goddesses like Isis spread. The cult of Isis was the most pop before Christianity spread. All of these religions spread through the Mediterranean basin. Judaism and Early Christianity In an campaign to encourage political loyalty, emperors often created domain cults to worship the emperors as gods. The Jews believed that the creation of these cults was in all outside of the belief of their religion.Jews often refused to move over taxes to the emperors who had claimed themselves to be gods. As the Romans began to spread into the easterly Mediterranean region the relations between the Romans and the Jews became more and more tense. Betwe en the third and first centuries B. C. E. the Jews mounted several ungovernable attacks against the Romans but ultimately failed. The Roman forces outfought the rebels during the Judaic War of 66 to 70 C. E. Some Jews actively fought the Romans and others founded new sects that looked for saviors. They observed a strict moral code and participated in rituals designed to reinforce a state of community.They also looked for a savior who would take them away from Roman rule and lead them to establish a community in which they could practice faith without interference. The early Christians probably had little contact with them but had many of the same concerns. Christians create their community more or less Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus of Nazareth The Fall of the Roman Empire Internal Decay in the Roman Empire Although it is perceived that the interrupt of the Roman empire only had one cause, there were actually multiple causes that caused the snuff it of the empire.The combination of internal problems and external pressures prove deadly for the civilization. Internal political problems include internal opposition, which was mostly the work of the 26 claimants. The claimants were successors to the imperial throne, and were nicknamed barracks emperors. Their deaths were violent, often times because of one another, and held their power for short periods of time. The shear coat of the Roman empire also proven problematic for the future of Rome. telephone exchange governments were difficult to control over blown-up areas, and epidemics presently spread like wildfire over the anarchical region.Eventually, self-sufficient economies took the place of a large central government. Diocletian, who reigned from 284-305 CE, attempted to solve the problem of size by dividing the empire into two administrative districts. Two co-emperors ruled the districts, with the serve of lieutenants and 4 officials, or tetrarchs. Only these officials were allowed to minister. Diocl etian was a skilled administrator who brought Romes armies under control, and reinforced the imperial currency. Although his war strategies were more trenchant than his economic ones, this helped stabilize Romes prudence.His retirement later resulted in civil war. Constantine was the son of Diocletians co-ruler Constantius became the emperor. Constantine wanted to become the sole emperor of Rome, so he reunited the Eastern and Western districts of Rome. Constantine wanted a new capital for the new united empire, so he reinforced the city of Constantinople. Old problems of centralized government arose from this reunion, as both the population and economy of reunited Rome declined. There were no resources left-hand(a) to protect the new empire and its people, coating the reign of Constantine.Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military threat from migrant Germanic peoples and Germanic invasions brought an end to Roman authority in the western half of the em pire, while the eastern half survived another millennium. The Visigroths, the most famous of this group of migrants, adopted Roman culture and laws, but were advised to settle outside of the imperial boundaries. The Huns, who migrated from Central Asia, were brilliantly led by the warrior-king Atilla, who organised the Huns into a nearly unstoppable military unit. They attacked Germanic peoples living on Roman empire boundaries.The Huns disappeared after Atillas death, but the Germanic peoples had such an effect from their violence that they began to try out refuge in Rome. They scattered in settlements throughout the Western Roman empire, and later overthrew the governments they were living under. The Visiogroths, under the leadership of Alaric, plunder Rome in 410 CE. Odovacer, a Germanic ruler, deposed Romulus Agustulus, ending the Western Roman empire. heathenish Change in the Late Roman Empire Germanic peoples governed and organized society with their own traditions now tha t they lacked the guardianship of the Romans.They adopted some Roman influence, mostly Roman laws which resonated deeply within their systems. Roman and Germanic traditions later blended to form gallant Europe. Christianity survived the Roman empire collapse, and it became a capacious influencer in the region. Constantine promulgated theEdict of Milan,which allowed Christians to practice their faith openly in the Roman empire. Constantine himself converts to Christianity, and the later emperor, Theodosius, makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.Christianity historically resonated with the lower classes and women because of its equal nature, but during the 4th century CE, that began to change when noetic elites began to take more interest in Christianity. St. Augustine (354-430 CE) was he most important and important figure in the spread of Christianity after the collapse of the Western Roman empire. He was a bishop of Hippo, (a town in northerly Africa) and worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophic traditions, and to articulate Christianity with the upper classes.Controversy arose within the religion, lay tension between people who understand the Christian doctrine in different ways. The foundation of the institutional church formed shortly after these disputes began to arise. The bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, and 4 patriarchs, were the church officials. Bishops and patriarchs would assemble in church councils to solve disputes, often times over the interpretations of Christine doctrines. In the meantime, missionaries converted Germanic peoples to Christianity.